CONTENTS
FOREWORD 9
INTRODUCTION 11
1Scope 12
2Normative references 12
3Terms and definitions 13
3.1Types of reactor 13
3.2Other definitions 14
4Symbols and abbreviations 17
5Service conditions 18
5.1General 18
5.2Seismic conditions 18
6Design, testing, tolerances and application 18
7Shunt reactors 20
7.1General 20
7.2Design 20
7.3Terms and definitions 20
7.4Rating 21
7.4.1Rated voltage 22
7.4.2Maximum operating voltage 22
7.4.3Rated power 22
7.4.4Zero-sequence reactance of a three-phase star-connected reactor 22
7.4.5Mutual reactance of a three-phase reactor 22
7.4.6Inrush current level 22
7.4.7Linearity of the shunt reactor 22
7.5Temperature rise 22
7.6Insulation level 23
7.7Rating plates 23
7.8Tests 23
7.8.1General 23
7.8.2Routine tests 23
7.8.3Type tests 24
7.8.4Special tests 24
7.8.5Determination of reactance and linearity of reactance 24
7.8.6Measurement of loss (routine test, special test) 25
7.8.7Measurement of harmonics of the current (special test) 26
7.8.8Measurement of zero-sequence reactance on three-phase reactors
(special test) 27
7.8.9Measurement of mutual reactance on three-phase reactors (special
test) 27
7.8.10Dielectric tests 27
7.8.11Measurement of magnetic characteristic (special test) 30
7.8.12Measurement of acoustic sound level (type test, special test) 30
7.8.13Measurement of vibration (type test) 31
7.8.14Temperature rise test (type test) 32
7.9Tolerances 33
7.9.1General 33
7.9.2Tolerances on reactance at rated voltage and rated frequency 33
7.9.3Tolerances on the linearity of reactance 33
7.9.4Tolerance on loss 33
8Current-limiting reactors and neutral-earthing reactors 33
8.1General 33
8.2Design 34
8.3Terms and definitions 34
8.4Rating 36
8.4.1Rated continuous current 36
8.4.2Rated thermal short-circuit current 37
8.4.3Rated thermal short-circuit current duration 37
8.4.4Rated mechanical short-circuit current 37
8.4.5Rated short-time current 37
8.4.6Rated short-time current duration or duty-cycle 37
8.4.7Coupling factor 38
8.4.8Rated short-circuit impedance 38
8.4.9Rated short-time impedance 39
8.4.10Rated continuous impedance 39
8.5Ability to withstand rated thermal and rated mechanical short-circuit current 39
8.6Temperature rise 39
8.6.1Temperature rise at rated continuous current 39
8.6.2Temperature due to rated thermal short-circuit current and rated
short-time current loading 40
8.7Insulation level 40
8.7.1General 40
8.8Rating plates 40
8.9Tests 41
8.9.1General 41
8.9.2Routine tests 41
8.9.3Type tests 41
8.9.4Special tests 42
8.9.5Measurement of impedance at rated continuous current (routine test) 42
8.9.6Measurement of impedance at rated short-time current (routine test) 43
8.9.7Measurement of loss (routine test, special test) 43
8.9.8Separate source a.c. withstand voltage test (routine test, special
test) 44
8.9.9Winding overvoltage test for current-limiting reactors (routine test) 44
8.9.10Winding overvoltage test for neutral-earthing reactors (routine test) 45
8.9.11Temperature rise test at rated continuous current (type test) 45
8.9.12Lightning impulse test for current-limiting reactors (type test) 46
8.9.13Short-circuit current test (special test) 46
8.9.14Measurement of acoustic sound level at rated continuous current
(special test) 47
8.9.15Vibration measurement at rated continuous current (special test) 47
8.9.16Switching impulse test (special test) 48
8.9.17Double-ended lightning impulse test (special test) 48
8.9.18Measurement of coupling factor (special test) 49
8.9.19Wet winding overvoltage test (special test) 49
8.9.20Wet separate source a.c. withstand voltage test (special test) 49
8.9.21Measurement of reactance of the winding in the case of gapped-core
and magnetically-shielded air-core reactors (special test) 49
8.10Tolerances 50
8.10.1Tolerance on impedances of reactors without compensation for
mutual coupling 50
8.10.2Tolerance on impedance of reactors with compensation for mutual
coupling 50
8.10.3Tolerance on loss 50
9Filter, damping and discharge reactors associated with capacitors 50
9.1General 50
9.2Design 51
9.3Terms and definitions 51
9.4Rating 53
9.4.1Rated power frequency current 53
9.4.2Rated current spectrum 53
9.4.3Rated inrush current 54
9.4.4Rated inrush frequency 54
9.4.5Rated discharge current 54
9.4.6Rated discharge frequency 54
9.4.7Rated thermal short-circuit current 54
9.4.8Rated thermal short-circuit current duration 54
9.4.9Rated mechanical short-circuit current 55
9.4.10Rated inductance 55
9.4.11Quality factor 55
9.5Ability to withstand rated thermal and rated mechanical short-circuit current 55
9.6Ability to withstand inrush or discharge current 56
9.7Temperature rise 56
9.7.1Temperature rise at equivalent current at power frequency 56
9.7.2Temperature due to rated thermal short-circuit current loading 56
9.8Insulation level 56
9.8.1General 56
9.8.2Insulation requirements 56
9.9Rating plates 57
9.10Tests 57
9.10.1General 57
9.10.2Routine tests 58
9.10.3Type tests 58
9.10.4Special tests 58
9.10.5Measurement of inductance (routine test, type test) 58
9.10.6Measurement of loss and quality factor (routine test, type test) 59
9.10.7Winding overvoltage test (routine test) 59
9.10.8Temperature rise test at rated continuous current (type test) 60
9.10.9Lightning impulse test (type test) 60
9.10.10Short-circuit current test (special test) 60
9.10.11Measurement of acoustic sound level at rated continuous current
(special test) 61
9.10.12Separate source a.c. withstand voltage test (special test) 62
9.10.13Inrush current withstand test (special test) 62
9.10.14Discharge current test (special test) 63
9.10.15Modified short-circuit/discharge current test (special test) 63
9.10.16Mechanical resonance test (special test) 63
9.11Tolerances 63
9.11.1Tolerance on rated inductance 63
9.11.2Tolerance on measured loss and quality factor 63
10Earthing transformers (neutral couplers) 63
10.1General 63
10.2Design 64
10.3Terms and definitions 64
10.4Rating 66
10.4.1Rated voltage 66
10.4.2Maximum operating voltage 66
10.4.3Rated zero-sequence impedance 66
10.4.4Rated continuous neutral current 66
10.4.5Rated short-time neutral current 67
10.4.6Rated short-time neutral current duration 67
10.4.7Rated voltage of the secondary winding 67
10.4.8Further ratings for the combination of an earthing transformer and an
arc-suppression reactor 67
10.5Ability to withstand the rated short-time neutral current 67
10.6Temperature rise 68
10.6.1Temperature rise at rated voltage, rated continuous neutral current
and rated power of the secondary winding 68
10.6.2Temperature after rated short-time neutral current loading 68
10.7Insulation level 68
10.8Rating plates 68
10.9Tests 69
10.9.1General 69
10.9.2Routine tests 69
10.9.3Type tests 70
10.9.4Special tests 70
10.9.5Measurement of zero-sequence impedance (routine test) 70
10.9.6Temperature rise test (type test) 71
10.9.7Dielectric tests (routine test, type test) 72
10.9.8Demonstration of ability to withstand rated short-time neutral
current (special test) 72
10.9.9Measurement of loss at rated continuous neutral current (special
test) 73
10.9.10Measurement of neutral current with three-phase excitation under
single-phase fault condition (type test) 73
10.10Tolerances 73
11Arc-suppression reactors 74
11.1General 74
11.2Design 74
11.3Terms and definitions 74
11.4Rating 75
11.4.1Rated voltage 75
11.4.2Maximum continuous voltage 75
11.4.3Rated current 75
11.4.4Rated current duration 76
11.4.5Adjustment range 76
11.4.6Auxiliary winding 76
11.4.7Secondary winding 76
11.4.8Linearity of the arc-suppression reactor 76
11.5Temperature rise 76
11.6Insulation level 77
11.7Rating plates 77
11.8Tests 77
11.8.1General 77
11.8.2Routine tests 78
11.8.3Type tests 78
11.8.4Special tests 78
11.8.5Measurement of current at rated voltage (type test), measurement
of current (routine test) 78
11.8.6Measurement of no-load voltage of the auxiliary and secondary
windings (routine test) 78
11.8.7Temperature rise test (type test) 79
11.8.8Dielectric tests (routine test, type test) 79
11.8.9Measurement of loss (special test) 79
11.8.10Measurement of linearity (special test) 80
11.8.11Measurement of acoustic sound level (special test) 80
11.8.12Endurance tests of the inductance regulation mechanism (special
test) 80
11.8.13Demonstration of ability to withstand the dynamic effects of the
rated current (special test) 80
11.9Tolerances 81
12Smoothing reactors 81
12.1General 81
12.2Design 81
12.3Terms and definitions 81
12.4Rating 82
12.4.1Rated voltage 82
12.4.2Maximum operating voltage 82
12.4.3Rated continuous direct current 83
12.4.4Rated continuous current spectrum 83
12.4.5Short-time overload current, current spectrum and current duration or
duty-cycle 83
12.4.6Rated transient fault current 83
12.4.7Rated incremental inductance 83
12.4.8Linearity of the smoothing reactor 83
12.4.9Additional requirements for reactors with directly liquid cooled
windings 83
12.5Temperature rise 84
12.6Insulation levels 84
12.6.1Lightning impulse levels 84
12.6.2Switching impulse levels 84
12.6.3Separate source d.c. withstand voltage level 84
12.6.4Polarity-reversal withstand voltage level 84
12.6.5Separate source a.c. withstand voltage level 84
12.7Rating plates 85
12.8Tests 85
12.8.1General 85
12.8.2Routine tests 85
12.8.3Type test 86
12.8.4Special tests 86
12.8.5Measurement of incremental inductance (routine test) 86
12.8.6Measurement of the harmonic current loss and calculation of the
total loss (routine test) 87
12.8.7Separate source a.c. withstand voltage test (routine test) 88
12.8.8Separate source d.c. withstand voltage test for liquid-immersed
reactors (routine test) 88
12.8.9Polarity-reversal withstand test for liquid-immersed reactors
(routine test) 89
12.8.10Lightning impulse test (routine test) 90
12.8.11Switching impulse test (routine test, type test) 90
12.8.12Wet separate source d.c. withstand voltage test for dry-type
reactors (type test) 90
12.8.13Temperature rise test (type test) 90
12.8.14Measurement of acoustic sound level (special test) 91
12.8.15Measurement of high frequency impedance (special test) 92
12.8.16Test of the tightness of the liquid cooling circuit for reactors with directly liquid cooled windings (routine test) 92
12.8.17Measurement of the pressure drop for reactors with directly liquid cooled windings (type test) 93
12.8.18Transient fault current test (special test) 93
12.8.19Chopped wave impulse test for liquid-immersed reactors (special test) 94
12.9Tolerances 94
Annex A (informative) Information on shunt reactor switching and on special
applications 95
Annex B (informative) Magnetic characteristic of reactors 98
Annex C (informative) Mutual reactance, coupling factor and equivalent reactances of
three-phase reactors 105
Annex D (informative) Temperature correction of losses for liquid-immersed gapped-
core and magnetically-shielded air-core reactors 108
Annex E (normative) Turn-to-turn overvoltage test for dry-type reactors 110
Annex F (informative) Short-circuit testing 112
Annex G (informative) Resistors – Characteristics, specification and tests 114
Bibliography 117
Figure 1 – Types of magnetic characteristics for reactors 15
Figure 2 – Parameters for non-linear magnetic characteristic 16
Figure 3 – Measurement of mutual reactance for three-phase reactors or banks of
three single-phase reactors 27
Figure 4 – Phase-to-earth test circuit for single-phase excitation 29
Figure 5 – Phase-to-phase test circuit for single-phase excitation 29
Figure 6 – Single-phase excitation circuit for reactors with magnetic shield for zero-sequence flux 29
Measurement of mutual reactance for three-phase reactors or banks of three single-phase reactors 49
Figure 8 – Single-phase fault test circuit with earthed neutral 73
Figure 9 – Single-phase fault test circuit with earthed voltage-supply 73
Figure 10 – Measuring circuit for determining incremental inductance of two identical smoothing reactors 87
Figure 11 – Double reversal test voltage profile 89
Figure B.1 – Illustration of linked flux and current waveshapes with a sinusoidal voltage applied to a reactor with a non-linear magnetic characteristic according to
Figure B.6 99
Figure B.2 – Circuit for measurement the magnetic characteristic according to B.7.1 102
Figure B.3 – Equivalent circuit with the reactor short-circuited 102
Figure B.4 – Measured curves of a reactors d.c. charge and discharge current 103
Figure B.5 – Calculated linked flux during discharge period (see equations B7 and B9) 104
Figure B.6 – Magnetic characteristic 104
Figure C.1 – Equivalent scheme of a three-phase reactor including the magnetic
coupling between phases 105
Figure E.1 – Test circuit for turn-to-turn overvoltage test and sample oscillograms 111
Table 1 – Temperature limits for winding terminals of dry-type reactors 19
Table 2 – Tolerances 74
Table 3 – Tolerances 81
Table C.1 – Reactance and flux ratios for reactors with uniform magnetic coupling 106
Table C.2 – Coupling values for reactors with non-uniform magnetic coupling 107
POWER TRANSFORMERS –
Part 6: Reactors
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60076 applies to the following types of reactors:
shunt reactors;
series reactors including current-limiting reactors, neutral-earthing reactors, power flow control reactors, motor starting reactors, arc-furnace series reactors;
filter (tuning) reactors;
capacitor damping reactors;
capacitor discharge reactors;
earthing transformers (neutral couplers);
arc-suppression reactors;
smoothing reactors for HVDC and industrial application; with the exception of the following reactors:
reactors with a rating less than 1 kvar single-phase and 5 kvar three-phase;
reactors for special purposes such as high-frequency line traps or reactors mounted on rolling stock.
Where IEC standards do not exist for small or special reactors, this part of IEC 60076 may be applicable as a whole or in part.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60060-1:1989, High-Voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test requirements
IEC 60076-1:1993, Power transformers – Part 1: General
Amendment 1 (1999)
IEC 60076-2:1997, Power transformers – Part 2: Temperature rise
IEC 60076-3:2000, Power transformers – Part 3: Insulation levels, dielectric tests and external clearances in air
IEC 60076-4:2002, Power transformers – Part 4: Guide to lightning impulse and switching impulse testing – Power transformers and reactors
IEC 60076-5:2006, Power transformers – Part 5: Ability to withstand short-circuit
IEC 60076-7:2005, Power transformers – Part 7: Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers
IEC 60076-8:1997, Power transformers – Part 8: Application guide
IEC 60076-10:2005, Power transformers – Part 10: Determination of sound levels
IEC 60076-11:2004, Power transformers – Part 11: Dry-type transformers
IEC 60137, Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1 000 V
IEC 60270, High-voltage test techniques – Partial discharge measurements
IEC 60721-2-6, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 2: Environmental conditions appearing in nature. Earthquake vibration and shock
IEC 60815, Guide for the selection of insulators in respect of polluted conditions
IEC 60905:1987, Loading guide for dry-type power transformers
IEC 60943:1998, Guidance concerning the permissible temperature rise for parts of electrical equipment, in particular for terminals
Bibliography
IEC 60143, Series capacitors for power systems
IEC 60168:2001, Tests on indoor and outdoor post insulators of ceramic material or glass for systems with nominal voltages greater than 1 000 V
IEC 60273:1990, Characteristic of indoor and outdoor post insulators for systems with nominal voltages greater than 1 000 V
IEC 60353, Line traps for a.c. power systems
IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
IEC 60871-1:2005, Shunt capacitors for a.c. power systems having a rated voltage above 1000V – Part 1: General
IEC 61378-1:1997, Converter transformers – Part 1: Transformers for industrial applications
IEC 61378-2:2001, Converter transformers – Part 2: Transformers for HVDC applications
IEC 62271-110, High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 110: Inductive load switching
IEEE C57.21-1990, IEEE standard requirements, terminology, and test code for shunt reactors rated over 500 kVA
IEEE 1277-2000, IEEE trial-use standard general requirements and test code for dry-type and oil-immersed smoothing reactors for DC power transmission
E.W. Kimbark, Suppression of Ground Fault Arcs on Single-Pole-switched EHV Lines by Shunt Reactors, IEEE Transmission and Distribution, March 1964.
Controlled switching of HVAC circuit-breakers. Guide for application lines – reactors – capacitors – transformers. 2nd Part. ELEKTRA No. 185, 1999
Interruption of small inductive currents. Chapter 6: Switching of reactor-loaded transformers. ELEKTRA No. 138, 1991